Scharnhorst and Gneisenau operated together for much of the early portion of World War II, including sorties into the Atlantic to raid British merchant shipping. The explosion killed or injured 34 men and prompted the crew to flood the magazines for turret Caesar as a precaution against a magazine explosion. The Luftwaffe had been seriously weakened by four long years of war, and increasing Allied anti-submarine capabilities were steadily degrading the effectiveness of the U-boats. Vanya Eftimova Bellinger is the author of Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. Clausewitz, as Donald Stoker states, thoroughly imbibed the history-based analytical method of Scharnhorst.[19]. Scharnhorst returned to Germany, and was repaired at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel. Without Gerhard von Scharnhorst, it is unlikely there would be a Carl von Clausewitz. Through reminiscences of a hundred possible but unlikely disasters, they make the general they support anxious. Drag images here or select from your computer for Friedrich Fritz Fred Scharnhorst memorial. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/35136105/friedrich-fritz-scharnhorst. The most famous act of the turbulent era, the Oktoberedikt from 1807, aimed at overhauling the ineffective and backward Prussian agrarian system and releasing the economic and patriotic energies of its subjects. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1734 - 1803) How do we create a person's profile? Learn more about merges. Instead, Austria and other smaller German states joined the fight in the fall of 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814. [52], In early August 1942, Scharnhorst conducted exercises in cooperation with several U-boats. With this series, The Strategy Bridge strives to fill this gap. The next spring, Scharnhorst moved to Berlin. [69], At 16:17, Duke of York made radar contact with Scharnhorst; thirty minutes later, Belfast illuminated the German battleship with star shells. Bernd von Arnim, Paul Jakobi, Friedrich Eckoldt, Erich Steinbrinck, Diether von Roeder and Max Schulz. [16], The destruction of the Grande Arme in Russia in 1812 finally provided Prussian reformers with an opportunity to create the long-sought peoples army. Thank you for fulfilling this photo request. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? There was a problem getting your location. Learn more about managing a memorial . [2] Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Private und dienstliche Schriften, ed. On the Life and Character of Scharnhorst. Historical and Political Writings, ed. Navigating Prussias rigid social system proved to be just as treacherous. [45], At 23:00 on 11 February, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen left Brest. by Johannes Kunisch, Michael Sikora, etc., Vol. Ltjens' orders prohibited him from engaging Allied capital ships, and so the attack was called off. Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (1755-1813) was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars. The German warships were protected by poor visibility, however, and the three ships safely reached port later that day. Nothing in Scharnhorsts early life suggested that he would become a great military reformer and a Prussian war hero. 35 Squadron RAF and No. Scharnhorst, however, did not live to see the fruits of his efforts. It passed through the upper and middle decks before exploding on the main armored deck, which contained the blast. [50], While the ship was immobilized, Admiral Ciliax transferred to Z29. After several more torpedo hits, Scharnhorst settled further into the water and began to list to starboard. Scharnhorst detected the cruisers with her aft radar and opened fire with her main battery guns before turning away to disengage a second time. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. It too failed to detonate, and passed through the side of the hull, which was not protected by the main armor belt. [59], With the rapidly deteriorating military situation for the German Army on the Eastern Front, it became increasingly important to interrupt the flow of supplies from the Western Allies to the Soviet Union. The aft radar, which possessed only a limited forward arc, was the ship's only remaining radar capability. A repair ship completed work on the vessel in two weeks. Two of the three turbines were jammed, and the third had to be turned off. His humble origins, however, made this impossible in the Hanoverian Army. Are you sure that you want to remove this flower? [55] Of particular importance was the weather station that was transmitting weather information to the Allies, which was used to schedule convoys to the Soviet Union. [57] Fraser in the powerful battleship Duke of York, along with the cruiser Jamaica and four destroyers, moved to a position southwest of Scharnhorst to block a possible escape attempt. Admiral Wilhelm Marschall, aboard Gneisenau, ordered Scharnhorst to pick up survivors. The Reformer and His Circle Forced to take refuge in the furthest corner of his state, the city of Kningberg in East Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm finally embraced a far-reaching reform agenda. In early 1942, after British bombing raids, the two ships made the Channel Dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany. Family members linked to this person will appear here. The two ships then refueled from the tankers Uckermark and Ermland on 12 March. [53], Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and nine destroyers embarked from Altafjord on an offensive on 6 September known as Operation Zitronella; the ships were tasked with bombarding the island of Spitzbergen. [5] On 1 April 1942, Hoffmann, who had been promoted to Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) and awarded the Knight's Cross, transferred command of the ship to KzS Friedrich Hffmeier. Try again later. On Prince Augusts colorful life and achievements, Eve Haas and Herzeleide Henning, Prinz August von Preussen (Berlin: Schlapp Verlag, 1988). We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. The wreck was positively identified by an ROV on 10 September, which located armament consistent with that of Scharnhorst. Among Scharnhorsts collected works, amounting to eight volumes in German, there are numerous essays covering his most important ideas. Preliminary repairs were completed by 20 June, which permitted the ship to return to Germany. With a clear aspiration of becoming an officer, in 1773, at age 17, Scharnhorst entered the school located in Fortress Wilhlemstein.[3]. [77], Coordinates: 7216N 2841E / 72.267N 28.683E / 72.267; 28.683, encountered the British battlecruiser HMS, "How Germany's feared Scharnhorst ship was sunk in WWII", "The Sinking of the 'Scharnhorst', Wreck discovery", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_battleship_Scharnhorst&oldid=1133412044, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 17:33. In 1808, the commission announced sweeping measures, including: appointments based on meritocracy and a phasing-out of the nobilitys privileged access over the officer corps; a new emphasis on education and training; and abandonment of the most severe corporal punishments. Scharnhorst's commander, KzS Hoffmann, however, closed to 23,000m (25,000yd) in an attempt to lure Ramillies away from the convoy so that Gneisenau could attack the convoy. In 1800, he accepted Friedrich Wilhelm IIIs offer of elevation to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and ennoblement. Friedrich Scharnhorst nationality German Racing career summary Disclaimer: the data and summaries are all taken from the data available in the career details section further below on this page. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. [54], On 22 March, Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and Ltzow steamed to Altafjord for repairs to damage incurred in heavy storms. A Genius For War: The German Army And General Staff, 18071945. Landline number (734) 769-8259 . The two ships were forced to put into port during the storm: Scharnhorst went to Gotenhafen while Gneisenau went to Kiel for repairs. [18] Half an hour later, Scharnhorst's navigator spotted gun flashes from Renown firing at Gneisenau;[13] the Germans returned fire three minutes later. Reports of heavy activity in British airfields near the coast prompted the force to return to port, however. Even in this moment of professional triumph, Scharnhorst had to swallow a bitter pill. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1900 - Unknown) How do we create a person's profile? [20] On 7 June, the squadron rendezvoused with the tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. The Scharnhorst family was not noble; they were free peasants, and his father served as a non-commissioned officer in the Hanoverian Army. [13] Mechanical problems with her starboard turbines developed after running at full speed, which forced the ships to reduce speed to 25 knots (46km/h; 29mph). [17] Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812-1822 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 49. Shell splinters rained on Duke of York and disabled the fire-control radar. The design also enabled the ship to be up-gunned with six 15-inch guns, which never took place. The veteran commander often acted as an instructor to his officers; he inspired them, befriended them, and showed them kindness. The destroyers Scorpion and HNoMSStord launched a total of eight torpedoes at 18:50, four of which hit. [15] Scharnhorst was repaired in Wilhelmshaven, and while in dock, her boilers were overhauled. The intent of the operation was to draw out British units and ease the pressure on the heavy cruiser ("pocket battleship") Admiral Graf Spee, which was being pursued in the South Atlantic. The reformers turned their attention to what Trevor N. Dupuy calls a system of institutionalized military excellence.[14] Napoleon was surrounded by capable aides-de-camp, trained in his own school of war, expert in various branches of service able to carry out independent assignments. On 8 March, however, poor weather grounded the British bombers, and so Scharnhorst and four destroyers were able to make the journey to Norway. The Germans reached Wilhelmshaven on 27 November, and on the trip both battleships incurred significant damage from heavy seas and winds. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax, Scharnhorst's first commander, was given command of the operation. Admiral Lutjens was the commander-in-chief of the operation, he would go on to command the cruise of Bismarck and Prinz . Admiral Hipper and the destroyers were sent to destroy Orama, a 19,500 long tons (19,800t) passenger ship, while Atlantis, a hospital ship, was allowed to proceed unmolested. [22] The Germans then launched their Arado 196 float planes to search for more Allied vessels. The Hudsons dropped thirty-six 227lb (103kg) armor-piercing bombs, which all missed. [34] He instead turned toward the mid-Atlantic, where Scharnhorst sank the Greek cargo ship Marathon. Another feature of the Prussian General System was that the chief of staff served not as a mere translator and executor of his commanders wishesas was the case for Napoleon and Berthierbut as his closest partner and adviser. Invalid memorial. 1255/56 (Jahreswechsel Juli) thiopischer Kalender. [46] By 06:30, they had passed Cherbourg, at which point they were joined by a flotilla of torpedo boats. German aircraft arrived later to jam British radar with chaff. We encourage you to research and examine these records to determine their accuracy. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. Friedrichmarried Hannah F Scharnhorst (born Schnelle)on month day1859, at age 27 at marriage place, Illinois. In early 1813, with Napoleons return to Central Europe and the Tsars troops in hot pursuit, Prussia faced a perilous choice. British warships were within 35nmi (65km; 40mi) of Scharnhorst's position when she turned to Stavanger. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1809 - 1871) How do we create a person's profile? His principal staff officer, Louis Alexandre Berthier, was an experienced and hard-working subordinate able to translate the emperors wishes into stellar orders. The few instances of this personal experience now become the yardstick, and all similar occurrences are judged according to them, even if the circumstances and the results are marked by a greater diversity. Genealogy for Friedrich Ludewig Scharnhorst (c.1719 - 1752) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. On the 8th, a serious internal explosion occurred in the aft auxiliary machinery space above the armor deck. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. A rather peculiar capital ship, Scharnhorst in World of Warships is officially a battleship, but frequently plays more like a battlecruiser. The German force quickly fled north before using inclement weather to make the dash south through the North Sea. The newly built anti-Napoleonic coalition was far from strong or successful in all of its actions, but its spirit had changed. [57] The Germans were concerned with developments in Allied radar-directed fire control, which allowed British battleships to fire with great accuracy in the darkness; German radar capabilities lagged behind those of their opponents. A U-boat reported the convoy's location at 09:00 on 25 December, and Dnitz ordered Scharnhorst into action. The modifications were completed by November 1939, by which time the ship was finally fully operational. Echoing his mentors approach to teaching in On War, Clausewitz wrote that theory is meant to educate the mind of the future commander, or, more accurately, to guide him in his self-education, not to accompany him to the battlefield; just as a wise teacher guides and stimulates a young mans intellectual development, but is careful not to lead him by the hand for the rest of his life.[10]. The ship had an armored deck that was 20 to 40mm (0.79 to 1.57in) thick on the flat portion, increasing to 105mm (4.1in) on downward-sloping sides that connected to the bottom of the belt. Scharnhorst was, first and foremost, a military educator seeking to instruct and inspire the average officer who might never rise to the professions top or grow to become a shrewd strategic thinker, but still strived to give his best. [20] Clausewitz provides a clear description of his mentors approach: Diffuseness was therefore never in evidence in his written work, for he kept correcting and revising his text until his exceptionally precise mind was entirely satisfied and not one word seemed out of place.[21] Neither did Scharnhorst make use of the vivid metaphors for which his student became famous. Such an officer might even present a danger to the organization and the commander he was assigned to support. The mine briefly knocked out the power system and temporarily disabled the rudders. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. The following day a reconnaissance plane from RAF Coastal Command spotted the ship, and a raid by twelve Hudson bombers took place on 11 June. The shell struck the carrier's upper hangar and started a large fire. [38] They scored five hits in an almost straight line on the starboard side, parallel to the centerline. In addition, Tirpitz was still working up and not ready for service; Ltzow had been seriously damaged by a torpedo on 13 June 1941; Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper were in dockyards for maintenance. When the French Revolution shook Europe in 1789 and the subsequent First Revolutionary War (1792-1795) thrust the continent into twenty-three years of bloodshed, Scharnhorst had the fame of a great expert. Friedrich G Sauer from Lansing, MI. Scharnhorst ) ( ) . In the classroom, Scharnhorst emphasized the need for young military professionals to develop their abilities, based on solid education and independent thinking, to face complex and unexpected problems. The commander he was assigned to support subordinate able to translate the wishes. A hundred possible but unlikely disasters, they had passed Cherbourg, at 23:00 11! Where Scharnhorst sank the Greek cargo ship Marathon line on the main armor belt finally fully operational put. 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